Environmental Sciences
[Abbr: Acd. Jr. AJES]Strategic Impact Assessment: A Potential Tool in Achieving Sustainable Development in the Sudan in the Wake of the Severance of Southern Sudan
by Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali
This paper appraises the process and performance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the Sudan. The implications of the severance of Southern Sudan on the country’s natural resources and development policies are underscored. The main legislative and institutional constraints of (EIA) efficient application are highlighted, emphasizing its limitations to developmental projects. The new trend in addressing the complicated issues salient to policies, plans and programmes that calls for a higher tier of impact assessment is illustrated. Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments (SEA) which operates at the policies, plans and programmes level is defined. A comparison between (EIA) and (SEA) is portrayed. Justifications for the application of (SEA) in the Sudan and the steps and prerequisites needed are expressed. The institutional and legislative reforms as well as human resources capacity building are underlined. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Impact Assessment, Environmental Legislation
Contaminants of Microplastics in the Marine Environment
by Mark Frank
Pollution of microplastics is increasing internationally day by day, one should know the behaviour of pollution in marine context which is still developing and affecting the marine biota. The plastic debris called microplastics in marine environment as a pollutant has long been the area of environmental research. Microplastics are universally spread in marine environment and causing harm to the marine ecosystem. Microplastics are found in abundance near the coastlines and within the oceans. This paper discusses the routes of entrance of microplastic to the marine ecosystem, methods of evaluation of microplastics entering in the marine ecosystem and to discuss environmental heinous effect of microplastics. Keywords: Microplastics, Marine Biota, Marine litter, Plastic Ingestion
Effects of Renewable Energy Resources on the Environment
by Toiyeu Vietnam
The resources for the production of electricity are very important as they provide electricity in homes, building, school and industries. This electricity is also used in the every field such as agriculture, in factories and so on. In previous years, conventional methods i.e., fossil fuel and natural gases are used as the energy production. But these resources are limited now due to the continuous use of these can make the earth fuel less and these resources pollute the environment by the emission of greenhouse gases. The alternative of these conventional resource, renewable resources such as wind energy, hydropower energy, solar energy and biogas energy are used which are clean energy because they reduce the greenhouse gases effect and develop the sustainability. In spite of these advantages, these renewable energy resources have some effects on the environment. This review paper discuss about these renewable energy resources and the advantages. It also discuss about their impacts on the environment. Keywords: Resources, Greenhouse Gases, Sustainability
Heavy Metals from Industrial Waste Water: Elimination Methods
by Jaydeep Singh
Now a days, heavy metals has become a major issue because these heavy metals are discharged from numerous chemical industries and mixed with water sources. They are dangerous to all alive creatures. So, it is necessary to remove or minimize the risk of taking these heavy metals through plants, human and animal. For removing the heavy metals, various methods are developed and extensively examined. The original procedures for treating industrial water for heavy metals involves procedures for decreasing the toxicity of metals i.e. chemical precipitation, membrane purification, adsorption, ion exchange, coagulation-flocculation and floatation. In this review paper, discuss about the methodologies by eliminating toxic metals on or after water waste including, chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, coagulation-flocculation and electrodialysis with their advantages and limitations because of its inexpensiveness, accessibility and eco-friendly nature. Keywords: Electrodialysis, Flocculation, Adsorption, Heavy Metals
Stubble Burning Against the Environment
by Robert Kitto
The most common farming practice is burning of agriculture straw before or after harvest. India is an agricultural nation and produces a huge amount of agricultural wastes. The states of India like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh consist of chief areas under the cropping-system of rice-wheat. Every year farmers belongs to Punjab and Haryana set paddy stubble ablaze to formulate ground for the subsequent crop. Farmer adopted this phenomenon because it is very inexpensive and quickly clears the fields. But straw burning or stubble burning can cause serious environmental problems. Hence later these residues burns and release gases like sulphur dioxide, black carbon, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, , aerosols as well as black carbon etc. which directly disturb the universal climatic condition of atmosphere. This review paper covers the effects of stubble burning, also suggested some management options for crop residues and the relevant steps and role taken by the government to determine and solve the problem related with it. Keywords: Residues, Stubble Burning, Environment, Pollution